What is SS-31?
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a small synthetic tetrapeptide designed to concentrate inside mitochondria, the energy-producing structures of cells.
How does SS-31 work?
It binds cardiolipin, a lipid in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is thought to help stabilize the machinery that produces cellular energy.
What are researchers studying?
- ●Mitochondrial disease, including Barth syndrome
- ●Heart failure and kidney injury models
- ●Age-related decline in muscle function
Where does the evidence stand?
Elamipretide has been studied in human clinical trials and received FDA accelerated approval in 2025 for Barth syndrome, a rare mitochondrial disease.
Quick facts
- Research area
- Mitochondrial
- Sequence
D-Arg-2,6-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2- Also known as
- Elamipretide, §-31
- Third-party lab results
- 7 published COAs →
- Tested vendors tracking it
- 2 vendors →
Recent peer-reviewed research
The most relevant SS-31 studies from the last three years, via PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
- Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic PerformanceSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026 Aug · PubMed ↗
- SS-31@Fer-1 Alleviates ferroptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes via mitochondrial targetingBiomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2025 Feb · PubMed ↗
- Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic PotentialInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025 Jan 23 · PubMed ↗
- Comprehensive dry eye therapy: overcoming ocular surface barrier and combating inflammation, oxidation, and mitochondrial damageJournal of nanobiotechnology · 2024 May 9 · PubMed ↗
- Targeted nanoliposomal nutrient delivery for human healthWorld journal of gastrointestinal pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025 Dec 5 · PubMed ↗
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This guide summarizes published research for educational purposes only. It is not medical advice and does not describe how to use SS-31. Citations link to PubMed and are listed for reference — we haven't reviewed or endorsed their findings. Products referenced on The Peptide Audit are sold by third parties for laboratory research use only and are not for human consumption.